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Millstone, New Jersey

Coordinates: 40°30′00″N 74°35′44″W / 40.499868°N 74.595529°W / 40.499868; -74.595529
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Millstone Township, New Jersey, in Monmouth County or Millstone, Mercer County, New Jersey, in Mercer County.

Millstone, New Jersey
Borough
John Van Doren House
John Van Doren House
Location of Millstone in Somerset County highlighted in yellow (right). Inset map: Location of Somerset County in New Jersey highlighted in black (left).
Location of Millstone in Somerset County highlighted in yellow (right). Inset map: Location of Somerset County in New Jersey highlighted in black (left).
Census Bureau map of Millstone, New Jersey
Census Bureau map of Millstone, New Jersey
Millstone is located in Somerset County, New Jersey
Millstone
Millstone
Location in Somerset County
Millstone is located in New Jersey
Millstone
Millstone
Location in New Jersey
Millstone is located in the United States
Millstone
Millstone
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 40°30′00″N 74°35′44″W / 40.499868°N 74.595529°W / 40.499868; -74.595529[1][2]
Country United States
State New Jersey
County Somerset
IncorporatedMay 14, 1894
Named forThe Millstone River
Government
[6]
 • TypeBorough
 • BodyBorough Council
 • MayorRaymond Heck (Democratic Party, term ends December 31, 2023)[3][4]
 • Municipal clerkGregory Bonin[5]
Area
[7]
 • Total
0.70 sq mi (1.82 km2)
 • Land0.68 sq mi (1.76 km2)
 • Water0.02 sq mi (0.05 km2)  2.86%
 • Rank530th of 565 in state
20th of 21 in county[1]
Elevation
[8]
56 ft (17 m)
Population
 (2020)[9]
 • Total
448
 • Estimate 
(2023)[10]
446
 • Rank555th of 565 in state
21st of 21 in county[11]
 • Density658.3/sq mi (254.2/km2)
  • Rank423rd of 565 in state
17th of 21 in county[11]
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT))
ZIP Code
08844[12]
Area code(s)732 and 908[13]
FIPS code3403546590[1][14][15]
GNIS feature ID0885302[1][16]
Websitewww.millstoneboro.org

Millstone is a borough in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The borough was originally known as Somerset Courthouse and was the county seat. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 448,[9] an increase of 30 (+7.2%) from the 2010 census count of 418,[17][18] which in turn reflected an increase of 8 (+2.0%) from the 410 counted in the 2000 census.[19]

Millstone was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on May 14, 1894, from portions of Hillsborough Township, based on the results of a referendum held that day. The borough was reincorporated on March 12, 1928.[20] The borough was named for the Millstone River (a major tributary of the Raritan River), whose name derives from an incident in which a millstone was dropped into it.[21][22][23]

A historic district in Millstone, including 58 buildings, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The borough possesses a military significance for 1700–1749, 1750–1799, 1850–1874.[24]

New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Millstone as its 7th best place to live in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey.[25]

History

[edit]
Millstone National Historic District

Millstone, then called Somerset Courthouse, was the county seat of Somerset County from 1738 until the British burned it to the ground in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War.[26] After the victory at Princeton on January 3, 1777, General George Washington headquartered at the Van Doren house, while the army camped nearby that night. The next day, they marched to Pluckemin on the way to their winter encampment at Morristown.[27][28]

Millstone was briefly connected to the Pennsylvania Railroad when the Mercer and Somerset Railway was extended to the town in the 1870s and connected via a bridge across the Millstone River to the Pennsylvania Railroad's Millstone and New Brunswick Railroad, but that arrangement did not last into the 1880s.[why?] Remnants of the railroad bridge can still be seen.

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 0.70 square miles (1.82 km2), including 0.68 square miles (1.76 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) of water (2.86%).[1][2]

The borough borders Franklin Township and Hillsborough Township.[29][30][31]

Ecology

[edit]

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Millstone would have an Appalachian Oak (104) vegetation type with an Eastern Hardwood Forest (25) vegetation form.[32]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1900200—
1910157−21.5%
192017813.4%
19301875.1%
194025234.8%
195028914.7%
196040941.5%
197063054.0%
1980530−15.9%
1990450−15.1%
2000410−8.9%
20104182.0%
20204487.2%
2023 (est.)446[10]−0.4%
Population sources: 1900–1920[33]
1900–1910[34] 1910–1930[35] 1940–2000[36]
2000[37][38] 2010[17][18] 2020[9]

2010 census

[edit]

The 2010 United States census counted 418 people, 162 households, and 118 families in the borough. The population density was 566.5 per square mile (218.7/km2). There were 167 housing units at an average density of 226.3 per square mile (87.4/km2). The racial makeup was 95.69% (400) White, 1.20% (5) Black or African American, 0.00% (0) Native American, 1.67% (7) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.96% (4) from other races, and 0.48% (2) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.59% (15) of the population.[17]

Of the 162 households, 30.9% had children under the age of 18; 58.0% were married couples living together; 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 27.2% were non-families. Of all households, 22.2% were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.03.[17]

23.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 94.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 86.5 males.[17]

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $97,500 (with a margin of error of +/− $18,039) and the median family income was $102,708 (+/− $20,734). Males had a median income of $73,250 (+/− $8,715) versus $50,625 (+/− $15,872) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $37,678 (+/− $5,017). About none of families and 0.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.[39]

2000 census

[edit]

As of the 2000 United States census[14] there were 410 people, 169 households, and 126 families residing in the borough. The population density was 547.1 inhabitants per square mile (211.2/km2). There were 173 housing units at an average density of 230.9 per square mile (89.2/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.56% White, 0.98% African American, 0.98% Asian, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.17% of the population.[37][38]

There were 169 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.79.[37][38]

In the borough the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 34.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.[37][38]

The median income for a household in the borough was $76,353, and the median income for a family was $83,118. Males had a median income of $60,156 versus $36,406 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,694. About 3.1% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.[37][38]

Government

[edit]

Local government

[edit]

Millstone is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey.[40] The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council includes six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle.[6] The borough form of government used by Millstone is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.[41][42][43]

As of 2022, the mayor of Millstone Borough is Democrat Raymond Heck, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Millstone Borough Council are Council President Mandy Coppola (D, 2022), Robert Galli (I, 2024), Alan Kidd (R, 2023), Karin Kidd (2023), Kristen Ross (R, 2022) and Johnathan Stashek (D, 2024).[3][44][45][46][47][48][49]

In January 2019, the borough council selected Vincent Biviano from three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2021 that had been won, but never filled, by Merry Emmich.[50]

Federal, state, and county representation

[edit]

Millstone is located in the 12th Congressional District[51] and is part of New Jersey's 16th state legislative district[52][53][54]

Prior to the 2010 Census, Millstone had been part of the 4th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.[55]

For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 12th congressional district is represented by Bonnie Watson Coleman (D, Ewing Township).[56][57] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027)[58] and George Helmy (Mountain Lakes, term ends 2024).[59][60]

For the 2024-2025 session, the 16th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the New Jersey Senate by Andrew Zwicker (D, South Brunswick) and in the General Assembly by Mitchelle Drulis (D, East Amwell Township) and Roy Freiman (D, Hillsborough Township).[61]

Somerset County is governed by a five-member Board of County Commissioners, whose members are elected at-large to three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one or two seats coming up for election each year. At an annual reorganization meeting held on the first Friday of January, the board selects a Director and deputy director from among its members.[62] As of 2024, Somerset County's County Commissioners are:

Director Shanel Robinson (D, Franklin Township, 2024),[63] Melonie Marano (D, Green Brook Township, 2025),[64] Paul Drake (D, Hillsborough Township, 2026),[65] Douglas Singleterry (D, North Plainfield, 2026)[66] and Deputy Director Sara Sooy (D, Bernards Township, 2024).[67][68][69][70][71]

Constitutional officers, elected on a countywide basis are: Clerk Steve Peter (D, Somerville, 2027),[72][73] Sheriff Darrin Russo (D, Franklin Township, 2025)[74][75] and Surrogate Bernice "Tina" Jalloh (D, Franklin Township, 2025)[76][77][70]

Politics

[edit]

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 309 registered voters in Millstone, of which 107 (34.6% vs. 26.0% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 85 (27.5% vs. 25.7%) were registered as Republicans and 117 (37.9% vs. 48.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties.[78] Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 73.9% (vs. 60.4% in Somerset County) were registered to vote, including 96.9% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 80.4% countywide).[78][79]

In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 49.8% of the vote (119 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 49.4% (118 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (2 votes), among the 240 ballots cast by the borough's 325 registered voters (1 ballot was spoiled), for a turnout of 73.8%.[80][81] In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 143 votes (57.0% vs. 46.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 104 votes (41.4% vs. 52.1%) and other candidates with 2 votes (0.8% vs. 1.1%), among the 251 ballots cast by the borough's 309 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.2% (vs. 78.7% in Somerset County).[82] In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 130 votes (50.6% vs. 51.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 123 votes (47.9% vs. 47.2%) and other candidates with 2 votes (0.8% vs. 0.9%), among the 257 ballots cast by the borough's 304 registered voters, for a turnout of 84.5% (vs. 81.7% in the whole county).[83]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 61.0% of the vote (97 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 35.2% (56 votes), and other candidates with 3.8% (6 votes), among the 159 ballots cast by the borough's 320 registered voters for a turnout of 49.7%.[84][85] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 100 votes (54.6% vs. 55.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 62 votes (33.9% vs. 34.1%), Independent Chris Daggett with 18 votes (9.8% vs. 8.7%) and other candidates with 1 votes (0.5% vs. 0.7%), among the 183 ballots cast by the borough's 303 registered voters, yielding a 60.4% turnout (vs. 52.5% in the county).[86]

Millstone vote by party
in presidential elections
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
2020 48.9% 151 49.5% 153 1.3% 4
2016 43.3% 107 53.8% 133 2.8% 7
2012 49.4% 118 49.8% 119 0.8% 2
2008 41.4% 104 57.0% 143 0.8% 2
2004 47.9% 123 50.6% 130 0.8% 2

Education

[edit]

Several classical schools operated in the Millstone area. Queens College was relocated to Millstone in 1780 during the war. In 1814, a two-story building called the Academy was established as a co-ed public school on the lot owned by Daniel Disborough.[87][88] In 1860, the school was relocated to a newly constructed building later to be known as the Millstone Borough Schoolhouse, which then operated until 1940, after which it was known as Millstone Borough Hall.[89][88][90] Another classical school focusing on Latin started in 1826 at the home of Dominie Zabriskie.[88] Joseph P. Bradley, who would later become a U.S. Supreme Court Justice, also taught at a classical school in Millstone after graduating at Rutgers in 1836 and before attending law school where he was barred in 1839.[87][91][92][93]

There are no public schools currently operating in Millstone Borough; students attend public school in the Hillsborough Township School District, in Hillsborough Township as part of a sending/receiving relationship.[94][95] As of the 2018–2019 school year, the district, comprised of nine schools, had an enrollment of 7,457 students and 645.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.6:1.[96]

Transportation

[edit]
CR 514 in Millstone

As of May 2010, the borough had a total of 4.41 miles (7.10 km) of roadways, of which 4.01 miles (6.45 km) were maintained by the municipality and 0.40 miles (0.64 km) by Somerset County.[97]

No Interstate, U.S. or state highways directly serve Millstone. The most prominent roads in the borough are County Route 514 and County Route 533.

Notable people

[edit]
Main category: People from Millstone, New Jersey

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Millstone include:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e 2019 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Places, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 1, 2020.
  2. ^ a b US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  3. ^ a b Borough Council, Borough of Millstone. Accessed June 23, 2022.
  4. ^ 2023 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, updated February 8, 2023. Accessed February 10, 2023.
  5. ^ Borough Administration, Millstone Borough. Accessed June 23, 2022.
  6. ^ a b 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 77.
  7. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  8. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Borough of Millstone, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 8, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c Total Population: Census 2010 - Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed December 1, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023, United States Census Bureau, released May 2024. Accessed May 16, 2024.
  11. ^ a b Population Density by County and Municipality: New Jersey, 2020 and 2021, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed March 1, 2023.
  12. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Millstone, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed August 28, 2013. Both 08510 and 08535 are listed in the search, which are ZIP Codes assigned to Millstone Township.
  13. ^ Area Code Lookup - NPA NXX for Millstone, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed August 28, 2013.
  14. ^ a b U.S. Census website, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  15. ^ Geographic Codes Lookup for New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed April 1, 2022.
  16. ^ US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d e DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Millstone borough, Somerset County, New Jersey Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 13, 2013.
  18. ^ a b Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Millstone borough[permanent dead link‍], New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed February 13, 2013.
  19. ^ Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed May 1, 2023.
  20. ^ Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 223. Accessed May 30, 2024.
  21. ^ The History of Township of Millstone, New Jersey, Township of Millstone. Accessed September 7, 2015. "Our town is named after the Millstone River that originates in the Township. The river was first named by the Lenape Indians as the Mattawong and later renamed by early settlers as Millstone River."
  22. ^ Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 7, 2015.
  23. ^ Gannett, Henry. The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States, p. 209. United States Government Publishing Office, 1905. Accessed September 7, 2015.
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  25. ^ "Best Places To Live - The Complete Top Towns List 1-100" Archived February 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Monthly, February 21, 2008. Accessed February 24, 2008.
  26. ^ A Brief History of Millstone, also known as Somerset Courthouse; Early History, Millstone Borough. Accessed February 2, 2015.
  27. ^ Honeyman, A. Van Doren. "The Second Somerset Courthouse - At Millstone", pp. 50–58. in Somerset County Historical Quarterly, 1912. Accessed February 2, 2015.
  28. ^ Fischer, David Hackett. Washington's Crossing, p. 342. Oxford University Press, 2006 (New York). ISBN 0-19-517034-2.
  29. ^ Areas touching Millstone, MapIt. Accessed February 27, 2020.
  30. ^ Municipalities, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed February 26, 2020.
  31. ^ New Jersey Municipal Boundaries, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed November 15, 2019.
  32. ^ U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions), Data Basin. Accessed November 5, 2020.
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  39. ^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Millstone borough, Somerset County, New Jersey Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 13, 2013.
  40. ^ Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011. Accessed June 1, 2023.
  41. ^ Cerra, Michael F. "Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask" Archived September 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey State League of Municipalities. Accessed November 30, 2014.
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  43. ^ Government, Borough of Millstone. Accessed June 23, 2022. "Millstone Borough is governed by the “Borough” form of government. This type of government allows for a direct election of a Mayor,( 4 year term), and 6 Council positions,( staggering 3 year terms)."
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  51. ^ 2022 Redistricting Plan, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 8, 2022.
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  56. ^ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 3, 2019.
  57. ^ Biography, Congresswoman Bonnie Watson Coleman. Accessed January 3, 2019. "Watson Coleman and her husband William reside in Ewing Township and are blessed to have three sons; William, Troy, and Jared and three grandchildren; William, Kamryn and Ashanee."
  58. ^ U.S. Sen. Cory Booker cruises past Republican challenger Rik Mehta in New Jersey, PhillyVoice. Accessed April 30, 2021. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community."
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  65. ^ Commissioner Paul M. Drake, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022.
  66. ^ Commissioner Douglas Singleterry, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022.
  67. ^ Commissioner Sara Sooy, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022.
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  74. ^ Sheriff Darrin J. Russo, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022.
  75. ^ Sheriffs, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed June 17, 2022.
  76. ^ Somerset County Surrogate, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed January 30, 2021.
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  87. ^ a b Snell, James P., ed. (June 6, 1881). History of Hunterdon and Somerset Counties, New Jersey: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Everts & Peck. pp. 787-788. Retrieved June 6, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  88. ^ a b c "Millstone Borough Master Plan" (PDF). Millstone Borough. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  89. ^ "Millstone Borough Hall". - Visit Somerset County NJ. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  90. ^ McCabe, Wayne T. (September 13, 1976). "NRHP Nomination: Millstone Historic District". National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "Accompanying 16 photos, from 1974". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  91. ^ Miller, Richard F. (February 3, 2015). States at War, Volume 4: A Reference Guide for Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey in the Civil War. University Press of New England. ISBN 9781611686227. Retrieved June 6, 2018 – via Google Books.
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  93. ^ Rutgers Law Journal, Volume 33, Issue 2, Rutgers School of Law, Camden. Accessed June 4, 2018. "Abraham O. Zabriskie was born on June 10, 1807 in Greenbush, near Albany, New York. At age four, he moved with his family to Millstone, Somerset County, New Jersey where he received a thorough education at the Millstone Academy and under the tutelage of his father, a pastor."
  94. ^ Somerset County School Districts-Sending/Receiving/Regional, Somerset County Superintendent of Schools. Accessed May 19, 2017. "Millstone / Non-Operating / K-12 Sent To Hillsborough"
  95. ^ 2016-2017 Somerset County Public School Directory, Somerset County, New Jersey. Accessed May 19, 2017.
  96. ^ District information for Hillsborough Township Public School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.
  97. ^ Somerset County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 18, 2014.
  98. ^ Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Accessed February 13, 2013.
  99. ^ Ferdinand Schureman Schenck, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed October 22, 2007.
  100. ^ Charles Titus, Congressional Medal of Honor Society of the United States of America. Accessed July 9, 2013.
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